Copyright (c) 2026 Dennis Paul Himes abbreviations: a.n. animate noun adj. adjective adv. adverb c. conjunction i.n. inanimate noun ij. interjection irr. irregular ptc. particle p.a. preposition governing the accusative p.g. preposition governing the genitive p.s. preposition governing the similitive p.i. preposition governing the instrumental pn. pronoun px.g. grammatical prefix px.p. productive prefix px.n. nonproductive prefix sx.g. grammatical suffix sx.p. productive suffix sx.n. nonproductive suffix v. verb Suffixes on nouns and adjectives attach to the root, which for a noun is the nominative singular, and for an adjective is the inanimate nominative singular, except, in both cases, if the root is a second declension ending in a consonant, and a is added to the root. ahespal v. hear ale a.n. friend anda a.n. fantasy apir a.n. nephew arani adj. sixth arast adj. six aspal v. want (irr.) astru a.n. niece badani adj. fourth badast adj. four balabaspal v. begin bami adj. (one's) own bardispal v. walk barni i.n. message, letter bend c. so that, in order that berhre a.n. brain bibi adj. small, little biddi c. unless bihi adj. much, many (irr.) bind i.n. food bindespal v. feed bire a.n. man bist c. if blenespal v. prefer (prefer A to B: A accusative, B similitive) braspal v. grow bre c. exclusive or brinebi adj. lost brinespal v. lose bruna adj. each, every bonespal v. can/be able to (+ infinitive in accusative) or can be (+ noun in accusative) buruspal v. open buspal v. act, do da sx.p. language of an area or ethnic group (creates i.n.) dadadi adj. idle darno adj. dry di ij. no dilli adj. outside dillile adv. outside dimdi i.n mirror dimmu p.i. without din adv. not dipifro adj. dull dlime a.n. the universe dlo pn. (relative pronoun) (irr.) do adj. no, zero drastand adj. blue dre sx.g. multiplicative number dremespal v. believe, think dristespal v. know, understand drumo adj. green dubuspal v. make durro adj. old elpir a.n. grandson elstru a.n. granddaughter ende a.n. aunt erdi pn. no one, nobody (animate nullar form of i) fa sx.g. the same (adj. -> adj.) far adj. one farmo adj. one each farre adv. once fernge a.n. reigning king/queen, monarch fesoni adj. twenty-fifth fesost adj. twenty-five fiftu a.n. shark filn a.n. mouth fimmi sx.p. -ness (attached to inanimate stem) fisso adj. sweet flara i.n place, location flen c. but flenni p.a. except flespal v. become (irr.) flu a.n. eye fosfesoni adj. seventy-fifth fosfesost adj. seventy-five foskri adj. fifteenth foskrost adj. fifteen fosmarni adj. three hundred seventy-fifth fosmarsist adj. three hundred seventy-five fosstroni adj. one thousand eight hundred seventy-fifth fosstrost adj. one thousand eight hundred seventy-five frendi sx.p. -like, -ly (creates adj.) (also see fti) frinduspal v. sleep frisso i.n. water fru(n) px.g. (optative) fti sx.n. -like, -ly (creates adj.) (also see frendi) fundaspal v. talk, talk about gangde a.n. uncle garnabespal v. allow gelu a.n. brother ger adj. this (irr.) gesle adv. today geslo i.n. today gi(g) px.g. (imperative) girndu a.n. soldier glesuspal v. rule glo adj. near grildespal v. reassure grona a.n. husband halli i.n. wall hanaspal v. see harani adj. eighth harast adj. eight harm i.n valley hastla adj. yellow hesni adj. third hestist adj. three hi p.a. below, under (direction) hi p.g. below, under (position) hlenu a.n. dream hren adj. purple hri adj. fast, swift ho adj. thin, sparse hosti adj. extra i pn. (personal pronoun) (irr.) il p.a. into il p.g. in, among, inside illespal v. come illi adj. inside illile adv. inside iltunnespal v. restrict, trap ima a.n. grandmother isso, issu sx.p. (diminutive) kang p.a. to kang p.g. at karfi i.n. weight karn i.n. leaf kaxro i.n. road, way, method kegastri adj. certain keldist adj. five kelni adj. fifth kessapal v. read kik a.n. mouse kilmari adj. black kixori adj. strong, powervul koxi i.n matter, substance korndiri i.n ship, boat kre a.n. father krefti adj. paternal krestentist adj. one hundred kripsti adj. hot krisespal v. get, acquire kro adj. long le v. there is/are (defective) li i.n. town, village liboni adj. seventh libost adj. seven lunnaspal v. eat mal adj. cold marhaspal v. love marhi i.n. love marni adj. one hundred twenty-fifth marsist adj. one hundred twenty-five masso i.n. forest mel a.n. mother melafti adj. maternal melluspal v. give birth to menfesoni adj. one hundredth menfesost adj. one hundred menidist adj. nine menini adj. ninth menkri adj. twentieth menkrost adj. twenty menmarni adj. five hundredth menmarsist adj. five hundred menstroni adj. two thousand five hundredth menstrost adj. two thousand five hundred mestuspal v. live millespal v. be the same as (takes the similitive) mis pn. (reflexive pronoun) (irr.) mor a.n. self mormargo adj. vain mu p.i. with mudremespal v. agree, agree with mund p.a. onto mund p.g. on na p.i. for, for the benefit of narask p.i. because of ne a.n. child (irr.) nello adj. brown ninnu a.n. sister niskespal v. buy nalmeri i.n. pillow no i.n. time nusdaspal v. need pake a.n army pana i.n. kiss partaspal v. command pifro adj. sharp pimtero i.n. tree pir a.n. son pluspal v. should (+ infinitive in accusative) pra pn. I pre adv. now rask c. because ri adj. tenth riffi i.n. help, aid, assistance rmo sx.g. (distributive number, attached to inanimate stem) rost adj. ten sallespal v. thank salo adj. white san ij. please sarno adj. wet saru a.n. woman si pn. you (singular) si sx.p. adjectival version of a proper noun sisso i.n. magic sistespal v. breathe sisti i.n. breath se pn. you (plural) sessu a.n. daughter sla i.n. air slanu a.n. wife slen px.p. (mitigator) slenkripsti adj. warm slenmal adj. chilly slidni adj. short slo i.n. day spennaspal v. give spa c. inclusive or spal v. be (irr.) sperri adj. new splu a.n. birth family splufti adj. relating to birth family spredaspal v. take spristo i.n. river sranu a.n. hair sredi pn. nobody, no one (animate nullar form of sri) sri pn. something, someone (the nullar is used for nothing, no one) sridi pn. nothing (inanimate nullar form of sri) srindespal v. cut sru a.n. cloud star adj. first ste(n) px.g. (subjunctive) stenna a.n. Stenna stennada i.n. Stennan language stennasi adj. Stennan sti adj. good (irr.) stinti i.n. book strarri i.n. apple strifesoni adj. fiftieth strifesost adj. fifty strimarni adj. two hundred fiftieth strimarsist adj. two hundred fifty strimin i.n. filigree stristroni adj. one thousand two hundred fiftieth stristrost adj. one thousand two hundred fifty stroni adj. six hundred twenty-fifth strost adj. six hundred twenty-five stru a.n. deer su sx.p. native/resident of an area (creates a.n.) tal ij. goodbye tanduspal v. carry, bear tandugo adj. carrying, pregnant tara a.n. head tel c. and tenna adj. which? tennaro i.n. how tennarond adv. how? teppi adj. red tike a.n. spouse's family tikefti adj. relating to spouse's family tilefe a.n. consultant (also the office of the head of the republic) tilespal v. ask, consult, query tla pct. (introduces a yes/no question) tlidu a.n. grandfather tlo pn. (interrogative pronoun) (irr.) tlute a.n. nose tor adj. that (irr.) tribidre adv. twice tribist adj. two trik a.n. ear trinni adj. second tro adj. far, distant trosti i.n. mountain tustrane a.n. crew member (of a ship) tunnespal v. put, place tuxi adj. bad una a.n. sun unabrasta i.n. Yule xali adj. true, correct xalile adv. truely, yes xespal v. go xi adv. very xilespal v. fight, attack xi(n) px.p. (intensifier) xlami i.n. year xra sx.g. more (adj. -> adj.) xrama sx.g. most (adj. -> adj.) xre pn. we xrist adv. usually xo adj. big, great xubo adj. overwhelmed xusti adj. gray