copyright © 2005-2006 Dennis Paul Himes
The contents of this page are preliminary. They won't become canonical until the first version of the Tale of Tifa Walbatnuwa Siina is up. - DPH
There are five moods, indicative, subjunctive, hypothetic, optative, and analytic. To simplify a bit: Indicative is used for statements the speaker is claiming to be true. Subjunctive is used for statements which are not necessarily true. Hypothetic is used for contrary to fact conditionals and analogies. Optative is used for statements the speaker wishes were (or hopes are) true. Analytic is used for statements which are necessarily true, such as mathematical statements or definitions. There are three tenses, past, present, and future. Verbs agree with their subjects in person, number, and, for the third person, gender. There is no third person uncountable plural.
First person endings are either intimate or ordinary. For the difference between intimate and ordinary see the the Pronoun page Each mood/tense combination has three paradigms, one for positive vowel stems, one for positive consonant stems, and one for negative stems, which are always consonant stems.
+V | positive vowel stem |
+C | positive consonant stem |
-C | negative consonant stem |
S | singular |
P | plural |
1O | first person ordinary |
1I | first person intimate |
2 | second person |
3F | third person feminine |
3M | third person masculine |
3P | third person positional |
3T | third person transportable |
3U | third person uncountable |
(s) | strenghening of vowel in stem |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | bo | bob | o | ob | aa | aab |
1I | b | bee | ob | obee | aab | aabee |
2 | nnii | nniinn | ii | iinn | ai | ainn |
3F | su | sus | u | us | au | aus |
3M | ma | maa | a | aa | aaba | aabaa |
3P | po | pop | o | op | aabo | aabop |
3T | mit | miit | it | iit | ait | ait |
3U | tee | -- | ee | -- | aabee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | siso | sisob | iso | isob | aasis | aasiis |
1I | sifp | sifpee | ifp | ifpee | aifp | aifpee |
2 | siznnii | siznniinn | iznnii | iznniinn | aiznnii | aiznniinn |
3F | sisu | sisus | isu | isus | aisu | aisus |
3M | sisa | sisaa | isa | isaa | aisa | aisaa |
3P | sispo | sispop | ispo | ispop | aispo | aispop |
3T | sisit | sisiit | isit | isiit | aisit | aisiit |
3U | sistee | -- | istee | -- | aistee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | dd | ddob | odd | oddob | aadd | aaddee |
1I | ddeb | ddebee | eb | ebee | aaddeb | aaddebee |
2 | ddennii | ddenniinn | ennii | enniinn | aaddenii | aaddenniinn |
3F | ddesu | ddesus | esu | esus | aaddesu | aaddesus |
3M | ddema | ddemaa | ema | emaa | aaddema | aaddemaa |
3P | ddepo | ddepop | epo | epop | aaddepo | aaddepop |
3T | ddeet | ddiit | eet | iit | aaddeet | aaddiit |
3U | ddee | -- | etee | -- | aaddee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | (s)vbo | (s)vbob | izzbo | izzbob | aizzbo | aizzbob |
1I | (s)vb | (s)vbee | izzb | izzbee | aizzb | aizzbee |
2 | (s)zznnii | (s)zznniinn | izznnii | izznniinn | aizznnii | aizznniinn |
3F | (s)zzu | (s)zzus | izzu | izzus | aizzu | aizzus |
3M | (s)zza | (s)zzaa | izza | izzaa | aizza | aizzaa |
3P | (s)sspo | (s)sspop | isspo | isspop | aisspo | aisspop |
3T | (s)zzit | (s)zziit | izzit | izziit | aizzit | aizziit |
3U | (s)sstee | -- | isstee | -- | aisstee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | (s)zziso | (s)zzisob | izziso | izzisob | aizziso | aizzisob |
1I | (s)zzifp | (s)zzifpee | izzifp | izzifpee | aizzifp | aizzifpee |
2 | (s)zziznnii | (s)zziznniinn | izziznnii | izziznniinn | aizziznnii | aizziznniinn |
3F | (s)zzisu | (s)zzisus | izzisu | izzisus | aizzisu | aizzisus |
3M | (s)zzisa | (s)zzisaa | izzisa | izzisaa | aizzisa | aizzisaa |
3P | (s)zzispo | (s)zzispop | izzispo | izzispop | aizzispo | aizzispop |
3T | (s)zzisit | (s)zzisiit | izzisit | izzisiit | aizzisit | aizzisiit |
3U | (s)zzistee | -- | izzistee | -- | aizzistee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | (s)zzdd | (s)zzddob | izzdd | izzddob | aizzdd | aizzddob |
1I | (s)zzddeb | (s)zzddebee | izzddeb | izzddebee | aizzddeb | aizzddebee |
2 | (s)zzddennii | (s)zzddenniinn | izzddennii | izzddenniinn | aizzddennii | aizzddenniinn |
3F | (s)zzddesu | (s)zzddesus | izzddesu | izzddesus | aizzddesu | aizzddesus |
3M | (s)zzddema | (s)zzddemaa | izzddema | izzddemaa | aizzddema | aizzddemaa |
3P | (s)zzddepo | (s)zzddepop | izzddepo | izzddepop | aizzddepo | aizzddepop |
3T | (s)zzddeet | (s)zzddiit | izzddeet | izzddiit | aizzddeet | aizzddiit |
3U | (s)zzddee | -- | izzddee | -- | aizzddee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | vavo | vavob | avo | avob | aavo | aavob |
1I | vav | vavbee | av | avbee | aav | aavbee |
2 | vannii | vanniinn | annii | anniinn | aannii | aanniinn |
3F | vazu | vazus | azu | azus | aazu | aazus |
3M | vava | vavaa | ava | avaa | aava | aavaa |
3P | vavbo | vavbop | avbo | avbop | aavbo | aavbop |
3T | vavit | vaviit | avit | aviit | aavit | aaviit |
3U | vazdee | -- | azdee | -- | aazdee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | vaziso | vazisob | aziso | azisob | aaziso | aazisob |
1I | vazifp | vazifpee | azifp | azifpee | aazifp | aazifpee |
2 | vaziznnii | vaziznniinn | aziznnii | aziznniinn | aaziznnii | aaziznniinn |
3F | vazisu | vazisus | azisu | azisus | aazisu | aazisus |
3M | vazisa | vazisaa | azisa | azisaa | aazisa | aazisaa |
3P | vazispo | vazispop | azispo | azispop | aazispo | aazispop |
3T | vazisit | vazisiit | azisit | azisiit | aazisit | aazisiit |
3U | vazistee | -- | azistee | -- | aazistee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | vazzdd | vazzddob | azzdd | azzddob | aazzdd | aazzddob |
1I | vazzddeb | vazzddebee | azzddeb | azzddebee | aazzddeb | aazzddebee |
2 | vazzddennii | vazzddenniinn | azzddennii | azzddenniinn | aazzddennii | aazzddenniinn |
3F | vazzddesu | vazzddesus | azzddesu | azzddesus | aazzddesu | aazzddesus |
3M | vazzddema | vazzddemaa | azzddema | azzddemaa | aazzddema | aazzddemaa |
3P | vazzddepo | vazzddepop | azzddepo | azzddepop | aazzddepo | aazzddepop |
3T | vazzddeet | vazzddiit | azzddeet | azzddiit | aazzddeet | aazzddiit |
3U | vazzddee | -- | azzddee | -- | aazzddee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | xilbo | xilbob | ilbo | ilbob | ailbo | ailbob |
1I | xilb | xilbee | ilb | ilbee | ailb | ailbee |
2 | xilnnii | xilnniinn | ilnnii | ilnniinn | ailnnii | ailnniinn |
3F | xilzu | xilzus | ilzu | ilzus | ailzu | ailzus |
3M | xilma | xilmaa | ilma | ilmaa | ailma | ailmaa |
3P | xilbo | xilbop | ilbo | ilbop | ailbo | ailbop |
3T | xilit | xiliit | ilit | iliit | ailit | ailiit |
3U | xildee | -- | ildee | -- | aildee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | xiliso | xilisob | iliso | ilisob | ailiso | ailisob |
1I | xilifp | xilifpee | ilifp | ilifpee | ailifp | ailifpee |
2 | xiliznnii | xiliznniinn | iliznnii | iliznniinn | ailiznnii | ailiznniinn |
3F | xilisu | xilisus | ilisu | ilisus | ailisu | ailisus |
3M | xilisa | xilisaa | ilisa | ilisaa | ailisa | ailisaa |
3P | xilispo | xilispop | ilispo | ilispop | ailispo | ailispop |
3T | xilisit | xilisiit | ilisit | ilisiit | ailisit | ailisiit |
3U | xilistee | -- | ilistee | -- | ailistee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | xildd | xilddob | ildd | ilddob | aildd | ailddob |
1I | xilddeb | xilddebee | ilddeb | ilddebee | ailddeb | ailddebee |
2 | xilddennii | xilddenniinn | ilddennii | ilddenniinn | ailddennii | ailddenniinn |
3F | xilddesu | xilddesus | ilddesu | ilddesus | ailddesu | ailddesus |
3M | xilddema | xilddemaa | ilddema | ilddemaa | ailddema | ailddemaa |
3P | xilddepo | xilddepop | ilddepo | ilddepop | ailddepo | ailddepop |
3T | xilddeet | xilddiit | ilddeet | ilddiit | ailddeet | ailddiit |
3U | xilddee | -- | ilddee | -- | ailddee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | (s)pbo | (s)pbob | ebo | ebob | eebo | eebob |
1I | (s)peb | (s)pebee | eb | ebee | eeb | eebee |
2 | (s)bnnii | (s)bnniinn | ebnnii | ebnniinn | eebnnii | eebnniinn |
3F | (s)psu | (s)psus | epsu | epsus | eepsu | eepsus |
3M | (s)pa | (s)paa | epa | epaa | eepa | eepaa |
3P | (s)po | (s)pop | epo | epop | eepo | eepop |
3T | (s)pit | (s)piit | epit | epiit | eepit | eepiit |
3U | (s)ptee | -- | eptee | -- | eeptee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | (s)piso | (s)pisob | episo | episob | eepiso | eepisob |
1I | (s)pifp | (s)pifpee | epifp | epifpee | eepifp | eepifpee |
2 | (s)piznnii | (s)piznniinn | epiznnii | epiznniinn | eepiznnii | eepiznniinn |
3F | (s)pisu | (s)pisus | episu | episus | eepisu | eepisus |
3M | (s)pisa | (s)pisaa | episa | episaa | eepisa | eepisaa |
3P | (s)pispo | (s)pispop | epispo | epispop | eepispo | eepispop |
3T | (s)pisit | (s)pisiit | episit | episiit | eepisit | eepisiit |
3U | (s)pistee | -- | epistee | -- | eepistee | -- |
+V | +C | -C | ||||
S | P | S | P | S | P | |
1O | (s)bddo | (s)bddob | ebddo | ebddob | eebddo | eebddob |
1I | (s)bddeb | (s)bddebee | ebddeb | ebddebee | eebddeb | eebddebee |
2 | (s)bddennii | (s)bddenniinn | ebddennii | ebddenniinn | eebddennii | eebddenniinn |
3F | (s)bddesu | (s)bddesus | ebddesu | ebddesus | eebddesu | eebddesus |
3M | (s)bddema | (s)bddemaa | ebddema | ebddemaa | eebddema | eebddemaa |
3P | (s)bddepo | (s)bddepop | ebddepo | ebddepop | eebddepo | eebddepop |
3T | (s)bddeet | (s)bddiit | ebddeet | ebddiit | eebddeet | eebddiit |
3U | (s)bddee | -- | ebddee | -- | eebddee | -- |
This acts in the positive as if its root is m for the subjunctive and analytic, and for inc. pres. 3MS, 3MP, 3TS, and 3TP. The negative (mab) is regular.
This acts in the positive as if its root is f for the subjunctive and analytic. The negative (fib) is regular.
Except for the 3TS future forms, all third person forms end with the nominative ending of the appropriate gender noun. Sometimes, if a third person subject is not in the nominative case, the verb will agree with its subject in case. For 3TS future other than nom., the ending will be as if the ending was it instead of eet.
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